References

Inline citations across the site use short keys in brackets — e.g. [ICC Incoterms 2020], [FMC D&D Rule], [GLEC Framework]. This page is the canonical list, grouped by source type.

No URLs are baked into this page: regulatory texts, standards, and indices move behind redesigns frequently, and a broken link on a reference page is worse than no link. Each entry gives the publisher, the exact document name, and a short note on what it says — enough to locate the current version authoritatively.

Rules & regulators

[ADR] — European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

EU and adjacent-country regulatory framework for road transport of dangerous goods; equivalent to US 49 CFR for road DG.

[CBP ISF] — Importer Security Filing ("10+2"), US Customs and Border Protection.

10 importer data elements + 2 carrier data elements required 24 hours before vessel loading for US-bound ocean cargo; $5,000 penalty for non-filing.

[CBP penalty framework] — 19 USC § 1592 / CBP Mitigation Guidelines, US Customs and Border Protection.

Penalty framework for negligent (up to 4× unpaid duty), grossly negligent (up to 8×), and fraudulent (up to domestic value) classification or valuation errors.

[CBP Section 321] — De Minimis / Section 321, US Customs and Border Protection.

Entry process for shipments valued under $800 (per person, per day); in active policy review as of 2024–26.

[CSRD] — Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (EU 2022/2464), European Union.

EU sustainability reporting framework; phased in from 2024 across large companies and listed SMEs. Drives Scope 3 freight emissions accountability.

[EU 561/2006] — Regulation (EC) No 561/2006, European Union.

EU driving-time, breaks, and rest-period rules; enforced via the smart tachograph.

[EU CBAM] — Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Regulation (EU) 2023/956, European Union.

Import carbon levy on cement, iron & steel, aluminum, fertilizers, electricity, and hydrogen. Transitional reporting 2023–25; financial levy from 2026.

[EU ETS Maritime] — EU ETS extension to maritime transport (Directive 2023/959), European Union.

Since 2024, ships of 5,000 GT+ calling at EU ports must surrender ETS allowances covering CO₂ emissions.

[EU Mobility Package] — Mobility Package I, European Union.

2020 reform tightening cabotage rules (max 3 cabotage operations within 7 days of an international delivery), posting of drivers, and return-home requirements.

[FMC D&D Rule] — Demurrage and Detention Billing Rule (2024), US Federal Maritime Commission.

Final rule (46 CFR Part 541) requiring D&D invoices to be itemized, justified, and issued within 30 days — foundation for modern D&D disputes.

[FMCSA HOS] — Hours of Service (49 CFR Part 395), US Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.

Driver duty-hour limits for commercial motor vehicles in the US; enforced via the ELD mandate (effective 2017 for most carriers).

[IATA DGR] — Dangerous Goods Regulations, International Air Transport Association.

Annual regulatory manual governing air transport of hazardous goods; aligned with ICAO Technical Instructions.

[IATA TACT] — The Air Cargo Tariff and Rules, International Air Transport Association.

Reference for general-cargo air tariffs, chargeable-weight formula (6000 cm³/kg divisor), ULD rates, and country-specific import/export rules.

[IATA ULD Regulations] — ULD Regulations, International Air Transport Association.

Specifications and handling rules for Unit Load Devices (AKE/LD-3, PMC/PAG, etc.).

[ICC Incoterms 2020] — Incoterms® 2020 Rules, International Chamber of Commerce.

The 11 Incoterms rules defining seller/buyer responsibilities for cost, risk, and control transfer in international trade.

Successor to Incoterms 2010. Published by ICC; the definitive source is the ICC Incoterms 2020 book (ICC Publication 723E).

[IMO IMDG Code] — International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code, International Maritime Organization.

Global framework for ocean carriage of hazardous cargo; nine hazard classes, packing groups, and stowage rules.

[IMO SOLAS] — International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, International Maritime Organization.

The SOLAS convention; source of the VGM (Verified Gross Mass) requirement effective 2016.

[SBTi] — Science Based Targets initiative, CDP / UN Global Compact / WRI / WWF.

Voluntary corporate climate target-setting framework; widely cited and increasingly required by investors and customers for credible Scope 1–3 reduction commitments.

[USMCA] — United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, USTR / Mexico / Canada.

Successor to NAFTA; entered force July 2020. Rules of origin and labor-value content rules relevant for cross-border inbound.

[Walmart Supplier OTIF Policy] — Supplier On-Time and In-Full (OTIF) compliance program, Walmart Inc..

Retailer-published compliance program; assesses 3% of cost on non-compliant POs. Targets are 95% in-full and 90-98% on-time depending on prepaid vs. collect supplier type (as of March 2024).

Market data

[Alphaliner] — Alphaliner Top 100, Alphaliner / AXS Marine.

Public ranking of container carriers by deployed TEU capacity; updated continuously and the standard reference for carrier market share.

[ATA American Trucking Trends 2025] — American Trucking Trends 2025, American Trucking Associations.

Annual US trucking industry data; primary source for 2024 trucking tonnage share (72.7%) and revenue share (76.9%) of US freight.

[BLS NAICS 493] — BLS Industry at a Glance: Warehousing and Storage (NAICS 493), US Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Federal labor data on US warehousing employment, wages, and productivity.

[BTS Downbound Grain Barge Rates] — Downbound Grain Barge Rates, US Bureau of Transportation Statistics.

Public time-series data on Mississippi River barge freight rates per ton; standard reference for inland-waterway cost comparisons.

[Cass] — Cass Freight Index, Cass Information Systems.

Monthly US freight shipment and expenditure index based on $44B+ of processed freight invoices.

[China Customs auto-processing data] — China Customs Single Window auto-processing statistics, General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China.

Public statistics on China customs auto-clearance rates and physical exam rates (~75% auto-processed, ~4% full physical exam).

[DAT] — DAT RateView, DAT Freight & Analytics.

US truckload spot and contract rate benchmarks across dry van, reefer, and flatbed lanes.

[DAT Trendlines] — DAT Trendlines, DAT Freight & Analytics.

Weekly published US truckload spot rate averages by equipment type and region; companion to DAT RateView.

[Drewry WCI] — World Container Index, Drewry Maritime Research.

Weekly composite container freight rate index across eight major East-West lanes.

[FBX] — Freightos Baltic Index (FBX), Freightos.

Daily container spot-rate index across 12 major trade lanes; published in partnership with the Baltic Exchange.

[Freightos Air Index] — Freightos Air Index (FAX), Freightos.

Daily public global air cargo spot rate index, published in three weight breaks (100–300 kg, 300–1000 kg, 1000–3000 kg).

[Freightos Baltic Index] — Freightos Baltic Index, Freightos.

Public-equivalent identifier for the FBX. (See [FBX] for primary entry.)

[IATA Cargo Strategy] — IATA Cargo Strategy and Annual Cargo Statistics, International Air Transport Association.

Industry source for air cargo share of global trade (~1% by tonnage, ~35% by value) and annual cargo volume data.

[ILR Cornell GLI 2025] — Waiting Game: Minimum wage-setting in Bangladesh, Cornell ILR Global Labor Institute.

Bangladesh garment-sector minimum wage analysis; entry-level garment labor at $0.50–$0.80/hr fully loaded.

[NRF & Happy Returns 2024 Returns Report] — 2024 Consumer Returns in the Retail Industry, National Retail Federation / Happy Returns.

Annual US retail returns survey; source for 2024 total retail returns ($890B) and 16.9% return rate.

[SCFI] — Shanghai Containerized Freight Index, Shanghai Shipping Exchange.

Weekly spot-rate index out of Shanghai across 13 destinations.

[Sonar] — FreightWaves SONAR, FreightWaves.

High-frequency US freight market data platform (tender volume, rejections, spot rates).

[TAC Index] — TAC Index, TAC Index Ltd..

Leading weekly global air cargo spot rate benchmark.

[Talentnet 2025 / Vietnam GSO] — Vietnam Garment Worker Wages 2025 Report, Talentnet Vietnam / Vietnam General Statistics Office.

Vietnam garment-sector labor cost data; reports average garment worker hourly rates of $1.85–$3 for 2025.

[UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport 2024] — Review of Maritime Transport 2024, UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD).

Annual global maritime trade analysis; primary source for the 80%-of-global-trade-by-volume figure and seaborne trade volumes.

[Warehousing & Fulfillment 2024 survey] — 2024 Warehousing Services Pricing and Fulfillment Costs Survey, WarehousingAndFulfillment.com.

US warehouse labor cost survey; reports $16.78/hr base, $28.86/hr fully loaded average for 2024.

[WorldACD] — WorldACD Market Data, WorldACD Market Data.

Air cargo volume, yield, and load-factor data sourced from participating forwarders.

[Xeneta] — Xeneta ocean and air benchmarks, Xeneta.

Subscription-based ocean and air contract + spot rate benchmarking across tens of thousands of shipper-reported data points.

Standards

[GLEC Framework] — GLEC Framework v3.1, Smart Freight Centre.

Industry-leading method for calculating logistics GHG emissions; aligned with ISO 14083:2023.

[ISO 14083] — ISO 14083:2023, International Organization for Standardization.

Quantification and reporting of GHG emissions arising from transport chain operations.

[NMFTA NMFC] — National Motor Freight Classification, National Motor Freight Traffic Association.

18-class US LTL classification system based on density, stowability, handling, and liability.

[WCO HS] — Harmonized System, World Customs Organization.

Global 6-digit commodity classification used as the foundation for every country's national tariff schedule.

[WCO SAFE] — SAFE Framework of Standards, World Customs Organization.

Basis for Authorized Economic Operator programs worldwide.

Rail

[IANA] — Intermodal Quarterly, Intermodal Association of North America.

Quarterly North American intermodal volume and trend data.

[STB Metrics] — Performance Data Reporting, US Surface Transportation Board.

Weekly Class I rail carrier performance reporting (terminal dwell, velocity, cars online).